Online NAD

On the record

NAD+ references: every study cited, logged to source

The complete citation list behind this digest, with DOIs and PubMed identifiers for each NAD+, precursor, infusion and injection study referenced.

Back to the researchAbout this digest

How to read this list

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered entry below. Human trials, mouse and rat studies, structural work and review articles are listed together in citation order, each with its journal, year and a resolvable DOI or PubMed link. Where a finding is preclinical (mouse or rat), the digest says so in the text; this list lets you verify the species, dose and route at the source. Nothing here is summarized beyond what the cited abstract or paper reports.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗
  7. Dizdar N, Kågedal B, Lindvall B. Treatment of Parkinson's disease with NADH. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;90(5):345-347. ↗
  8. Kuhn W, Müller T, Winkel R, et al. Parenteral application of NADH in Parkinson's disease: clinical improvement partially due to stimulation of endogenous levodopa biosynthesis. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1996;103(10):1187-1193. ↗
  9. Birkmayer JG, Vrecko C, Volc D, Birkmayer W. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)--a new therapeutic approach to Parkinson's disease. Comparison of oral and parenteral application. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1993;146:32-35. ↗
  10. Migliavacca E, Tay SKH, Patel HP, et al. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity and NAD(+) biosynthesis are reduced in human sarcopenia across ethnicities. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5808. ↗
  11. Zhang Y, Wang B, Fu X, et al. Exogenous NAD(+) administration significantly protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat model. Am J Transl Res. 2016;8(8):3342-3350. ↗
  12. Agerholm M, Dall M, Jensen BAH, et al. Perturbations of NAD(+) salvage systems impact mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis in mouse myoblasts and intact skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018;314(4):E377-E395. ↗
  13. Zhu Y, Xu P, Huang X, et al. From Rate-Limiting Enzyme to Therapeutic Target: The Promise of NAMPT in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:920113. ↗
  14. Berven H, et al. The NAD-brain pharmacokinetic study of NAD augmentation in blood and brain using oral precursor supplementation. iScience. 2026. ↗
  15. Tempel W, Rabeh WM, Bogan KL, et al. Nicotinamide riboside kinase structures reveal new pathways to NAD+. PLoS Biol. 2007;5(10):e263. ↗