# NAD+ References: The Peer-Reviewed Studies Cited Across This Digest

> NAD+ references — the full citation list behind this research digest, with DOIs and PubMed links to every study on NAD+, NMN, NR, infusion and injection cited across the site.

The complete citation list behind this digest, with DOIs and PubMed identifiers for each NAD+, precursor, infusion and injection study referenced.

## How to read this list

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered entry below. Human trials, mouse and rat studies, structural work and review articles are listed together in citation order, each with its journal, year and a resolvable DOI or PubMed link. Where a finding is preclinical (mouse or rat), the digest says so in the text; this list lets you verify the species, dose and route at the source. Nothing here is summarized beyond what the cited abstract or paper reports.

## References

[1] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[2] Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/
[3] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[4] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/
[5] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[6] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/
[7] Dizdar N, Kågedal B, Lindvall B. Treatment of Parkinson's disease with NADH. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;90(5):345-347. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7887134/
[8] Kuhn W, Müller T, Winkel R, et al. Parenteral application of NADH in Parkinson's disease: clinical improvement partially due to stimulation of endogenous levodopa biosynthesis. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1996;103(10):1187-1193. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9013405/
[9] Birkmayer JG, Vrecko C, Volc D, Birkmayer W. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)--a new therapeutic approach to Parkinson's disease. Comparison of oral and parenteral application. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1993;146:32-35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8101414/
[10] Migliavacca E, Tay SKH, Patel HP, et al. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity and NAD(+) biosynthesis are reduced in human sarcopenia across ethnicities. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5808. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31862890/
[11] Zhang Y, Wang B, Fu X, et al. Exogenous NAD(+) administration significantly protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat model. Am J Transl Res. 2016;8(8):3342-3350. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27648125/
[12] Agerholm M, Dall M, Jensen BAH, et al. Perturbations of NAD(+) salvage systems impact mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis in mouse myoblasts and intact skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018;314(4):E377-E395. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29208611/
[13] Zhu Y, Xu P, Huang X, et al. From Rate-Limiting Enzyme to Therapeutic Target: The Promise of NAMPT in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:920113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35903330/
[14] Berven H, et al. The NAD-brain pharmacokinetic study of NAD augmentation in blood and brain using oral precursor supplementation. iScience. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41858901/
[15] Tempel W, Rabeh WM, Bogan KL, et al. Nicotinamide riboside kinase structures reveal new pathways to NAD+. PLoS Biol. 2007;5(10):e263. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17914902/

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A terrazzo-bright reading of the NAD+ literature — the coenzyme scattered apart from the NMN and NR precursors that rebuild it, the oral trials that moved blood NAD+ set in their own panels from the rapidly-cleared IV drip and the recalled compounded injectable, each claim stamped to its study and each gap left in plain view; no clinic behind the confetti and nothing here infused, injected, dosed, or sold.